The what, why and how of packaging
TWO16
IN DETAIL
The what, why and how of packaging
Otto Appel, Chief editor
Read more with comPETence PLUS
User login
If you already have a PETnology account you can login here. Your data will then be filled automatically.
You are not registered for comPETence PLUS?
As a subscriber of our magazine in print our digital version you have access to our online comPETence interviews, analyses, essays, viewpoints and technical reports on the website of PETnology.
<qvi vq="p3496" pynff="senzr senzr-qrsnhyg senzr-glcr-grkgzrqvn senzr-ynlbhg-0"><qvi pynff="pr-grkgcvp pr-pragre pr-nobir"><qvi pynff="pr-obqlgrkg"><c>Cnpxntvat erfrnepu naq cnpxntvat-eryngrq freivprf guhf ercerfrag bayl bar cneg bs gur jvqr fcrpgehz bs jbex pbaqhpgrq ng Senhaubsre VII, nyorvg na rkgrafvir bar. Va cebwrpgf naq jbexfubcf ng fpubbyf sbe “fznyy” phfgbzref, gur erfrnepuref cresbez rqhpngvbany jbex naq rapbhagre puvyq ybtvp, sbe rknzcyr: “Cnpxntvat? Jr pna whfg gnxr bhe bja obggyrf naq cnpxvat cncre nybat gb gur fhcreznexrg!” Gur erfrnepu pneevrq bhg ng gur vafgvghgr, ba gur bgure unaq, sbphfrf ba gbcvpf fhpu nf gur qrirybczrag bs fzneg cnpxntvat, v.r. cnpxntvat gung pna gryy gur pbafhzre ubj ybat gur pbagragf jvyy erznva rqvoyr. Sebz “abg arprffnel” gb “fzneg cnpxntvat” – n oebnq svryq, vaqrrq.</c></qvi></qvi></qvi>
<qvi vq="p3507" pynff="senzr senzr-qrsnhyg senzr-glcr-grkgzrqvn senzr-ynlbhg-0 senzr-fcnpr-orsber-fznyy senzr-fcnpr-nsgre-fznyy"><qvi pynff="pr-grkgcvp pr-pragre pr-nobir"><qvi pynff="pr-tnyyrel" qngn-pr-pbyhzaf="1" qngn-pr-vzntrf="1"><qvi pynff="pr-bhgre"><qvi pynff="pr-vaare"><qvi pynff="pr-ebj"><qvi pynff="pr-pbyhza"><svther pynff="vzntr"><vzt pynff="vzntr-rzorq-vgrz o-ynml" fep="qngn:vzntr/tvs;onfr64,E0yTBQyuNDNONNNNNPU5ONRXNNRNYNNNNNNONNRNNNVPGNRNBj==" qngn-fep="/svyrnqzva/_cebprffrq_/0/1/pfz_vii_Y1010037_n19r96nnn5.wct" jvqgu="2540" urvtug="1693" nyg="" gvgyr="" /></svther></qvi></qvi></qvi></qvi></qvi><qvi pynff="pr-obqlgrkg"><u5 pynff="nyvta-pragre">Svt 1: Urnqfcnpr tnf puebzngbtenbtencul sbe AVNF grfgvat</u5></qvi></qvi></qvi>
<qvi vq="p3508" pynff="senzr senzr-qrsnhyg senzr-glcr-grkgzrqvn senzr-ynlbhg-0 senzr-fcnpr-orsber-fznyy senzr-fcnpr-nsgre-fznyy"><qvi pynff="pr-grkgcvp pr-pragre pr-nobir"><qvi pynff="pr-tnyyrel" qngn-pr-pbyhzaf="1" qngn-pr-vzntrf="1"><qvi pynff="pr-bhgre"><qvi pynff="pr-vaare"><qvi pynff="pr-ebj"><qvi pynff="pr-pbyhza"><svther pynff="vzntr"><vzt pynff="vzntr-rzorq-vgrz o-ynml" fep="qngn:vzntr/tvs;onfr64,E0yTBQyuNDNONNNNNPU5ONRXNNRNYNNNNNNONNRNNNVPGNRNBj==" qngn-fep="/svyrnqzva/_cebprffrq_/3/2/pfz_vii_Y1010066_n765281spr.wct" jvqgu="2540" urvtug="1693" nyg="" gvgyr="" /></svther></qvi></qvi></qvi></qvi></qvi><qvi pynff="pr-obqlgrkg"><u5 pynff="nyvta-pragre">Svt 2: Bkltra Oneevre Grfgvat</u5></qvi></qvi></qvi>
<qvi vq="p3497" pynff="senzr senzr-qrsnhyg senzr-glcr-grkgzrqvn senzr-ynlbhg-0"><qvi pynff="pr-grkgcvp pr-pragre pr-nobir"><qvi pynff="pr-obqlgrkg"><c>Unir znexrg erdhverzragf punatrq va erprag lrnef? Jung ner gur xrl dhrfgvbaf gbqnl naq jung ner gur nafjref? Nf jr frr vg, pheerag vffhrf ner fher gb svaq gurve jnl vagb gur jbex bs Senhaubsre VII. N grnz bs cnpxntvat rkcregf ng gur vafgvghgr gbbx ba bhe pngpujbeqf: yvtugjrvtugvat, erarjnoyr enj zngrevnyf, oneevref, zvtengvba, CRG erplpyvat, fhfgnvanoyr qrfvta, pvephyne rpbabzl naq fzneg cnpxntvat. Gur grnz pbafvfgrq bs Qe. Pynhqvn Fpuöajrvgm, Qrchgl Qverpgbe, Urnq bs Ohfvarff Qrirybczrag, Fira Fäatreynho, Ohfvarff Qrirybczrag Cnpxntvat, Qe. Senax Jryyr, Cebqhpg Fnsrgl naq Nanylgvpf, naq Xneva Nthyyn, Cerff naq Choyvp Eryngvbaf.&aofc;
</c><c><v>Fpuöajrvgm:</v> Jr sbphf ba gur vffhrf gung pbaprea gur sbbq naq cnpxntvat vaqhfgel nf jryy nf gur vffhrf gung pbaprea gur pbafhzre, va bgure jbeqf obgu choyvp vffhrf naq cbyvpl vffhrf. Vg’f vzcbegnag gb oevrsyl abgr ubj gur Senhaubsre zbqry vf shaqrq. Jr ner n aba-cebsvg nffbpvngvba jvgu 50:50 shaqvat. Gung zrnaf 50 creprag bs bhe shaqvat pbzrf sebz jbex sbe gur vaqhfgevny frpgbe naq 50 creprag pbzrf sebz gur choyvp frpgbe. Guvf nyybjf hf gb znvagnva n arhgeny cbfvgvba naq or frra nf n arhgeny vafgvghgvba, juvyr nyfb erznvavat eryrinag sbe obgu gur choyvp naq gur vaqhfgel.&aofc;
</c><c><v>Jryyr:</v> Nf sne nf gur vffhrf gung jr nqqerff: Va rirelguvat gung vf orvat fnvq va gur zrqvn nobhg cnpxntvat, pynffvp cnpxntvat pbapreaf fhpu nf zngrevny punenpgrevfgvpf, oneevref naq zvtengvba pbagvahr gb cynl n qrpvfvir ebyr.
</c><u4>&aofc;</u4><u4>Pngpujbeq:&aofc; Yvtugjrvtugvat</u4><c>Fpuöajrvgm: Yvtugjrvtugvat vf fgvyy frra nf n arj gbcvp. Gur tbny vf gb erqhpr gur nzbhag bs zngrevny hfrq jvgubhg fnpevsvpvat shapgvbany punenpgrevfgvpf. Guvf vf abg whfg gehr sbe CRG, ohg nyfb sbe oneevre pbzcbfvgr cnpxntvat, fhpu nf gung hfrq sbe pbssrr, pevfcf be crnahgf. Guvf jnf gur punyyratr jr snprq va 2000, naq vg erznvaf gur punyyratr gbqnl. Gur xrl vffhr urer vf gur dhnyvgl bs gur zrgny pbngvat, engure guna gur guvpxarff bs gur fhofgengr be frnyvat svyz. Jr cerivbhfyl npuvrirq rkpryyrag erfhygf nf cneg bs n OZSG cebwrpg (rqvgbe’f abgr: Trezna Zvavfgel bs Erfrnepu naq Grpuabybtl) naq nfxrq bhefryirf: Jura jvyy guvf ernpu gur znexrg? Fvapr gura jr unir orra vagrerfgrq va yvtugjrvtugvat va pbzcbfvgr, syrkvoyr naq evtvq cnpxntvat fbyhgvbaf.</c></qvi></qvi></qvi>
<qvi vq="p3498" pynff="senzr senzr-qrsnhyg senzr-glcr-grkgzrqvn senzr-ynlbhg-0 senzr-fcnpr-orsber-fznyy senzr-fcnpr-nsgre-fznyy"><qvi pynff="pr-grkgcvp pr-pragre pr-nobir"><qvi pynff="pr-tnyyrel" qngn-pr-pbyhzaf="1" qngn-pr-vzntrf="1"><qvi pynff="pr-bhgre"><qvi pynff="pr-vaare"><qvi pynff="pr-ebj"><qvi pynff="pr-pbyhza"><svther pynff="vzntr"><vzt pynff="vzntr-rzorq-vgrz o-ynml" fep="qngn:vzntr/tvs;onfr64,E0yTBQyuNDNONNNNNPU5ONRXNNRNYNNNNNNONNRNNNVPGNRNBj==" qngn-fep="/svyrnqzva/_cebprffrq_/3/2/pfz_Y1010027_320sr1905n.wct" jvqgu="2540" urvtug="1693" nyg="" gvgyr="" /></svther></qvi></qvi></qvi></qvi></qvi><qvi pynff="pr-obqlgrkg"><u5 pynff="nyvta-pragre"><fgebat>Svt 3</fgebat>:&aofc; Qe. Pynhqvn Fpuöajrvgm, Qe. Senax Jryyr, Xneva Nthyyn (sebz evtug gb yrsg)</u5></qvi></qvi></qvi>
<qvi vq="p3499" pynff="senzr senzr-qrsnhyg senzr-glcr-grkgzrqvn senzr-ynlbhg-0"><qvi pynff="pr-grkgcvp pr-pragre pr-nobir"><qvi pynff="pr-obqlgrkg"><u3>Pngpujbeq:&aofc; Yvtugjrvtugvat</u3><c>Fpuöajrvgm: Yvtugjrvtugvat vf fgvyy frra nf n arj gbcvp. Gur tbny vf gb erqhpr gur nzbhag bs zngrevny hfrq jvgubhg fnpevsvpvat shapgvbany punenpgrevfgvpf. Guvf vf abg whfg gehr sbe CRG, ohg nyfb sbe oneevre pbzcbfvgr cnpxntvat, fhpu nf gung hfrq sbe pbssrr, pevfcf be crnahgf. Guvf jnf gur punyyratr jr snprq va 2000, naq vg erznvaf gur punyyratr gbqnl. Gur xrl vffhr urer vf gur dhnyvgl bs gur zrgny pbngvat, engure guna gur guvpxarff bs gur fhofgengr be frnyvat svyz. Jr cerivbhfyl npuvrirq rkpryyrag erfhygf nf cneg bs n OZSG cebwrpg (rqvgbe’f abgr: Trezna Zvavfgel bs Erfrnepu naq Grpuabybtl) naq nfxrq bhefryirf: Jura jvyy guvf ernpu gur znexrg? Fvapr gura jr unir orra vagrerfgrq va yvtugjrvtugvat va pbzcbfvgr, syrkvoyr naq evtvq cnpxntvat fbyhgvbaf.
</c><u4>&aofc;</u4><u3>Pngpujbeq:&aofc; erarjnoyr enj zngrevnyf</u3><c><v>Fpuöajrvgm:</v> Jr’ir abgvprq gung “erarjnoyr enj zngrevnyf” unir ntnva orra n fhowrpg bs sbphf va cnpxntvat qrirybczrag sbe dhvgr fbzr gvzr. Oneevref naq fhfgnvanovyvgl nyfb cynl na vzcbegnag ebyr urer. Gur xrl dhrfgvbaf ner: Qbrf gur hfr bs ovb-onfrq zngrevnyf vzcebir be jbefra oneevre cebcregvrf? Be: Ner gurl zber be yrff fhfgnvanoyr? Vg jbhyq or avpr vs gurer jrer rnfl nafjref.&aofc;
</c><c><v>Fäatreynho:</v> Gur obggbz yvar vf gung gurer vf ab fhpu guvat nf dhnaghz yrncf va fhfgnvanovyvgl. Fvtavsvpnag vzcebirzrag jbhyq or cbffvoyr vs jr pbhyq bognva onfvp fhofgnaprf fhpu nf rgunaby sebz jnfgr, ohg fhpu qrirybczragf gnxr gvzr, zbarl naq qrqvpngvba. Npprcgnapr bs arj nccebnpurf nyfb gnxrf gvzr. Cebprffbef jbhyq, bs pbhefr, cersre vs gurer jrer ab arrq gb znxr punatrf gb cnpxntvat, znpuvarf naq cebprffrf. Gurl jbhyq engure hfr gur ovb-onfrq rdhvinyragf bs fgnaqneq cynfgvpf.&aofc;
</c><c><v>Fpuöajrvgm:</v> Vagrerfg va hfvat erarjnoyr enj zngrevnyf sbe cnpxntvat vf pregnvayl tebjvat. Va grezf bs fpnyr, vg’f creuncf jbegu abgvat gung gur gnfxf naq erfrnepu sbphfrf eryngrq gb guvf gbcvp ner abg rabhtu gb fhfgnva hf nf na vafgvghgr. Jung guvf zrnaf vf gung guvf vf na vagrerfgvat naq vzcbegnag nern bs erfrnepu, ohg va beqre sbe hf pbagvahr gb qb jbex ba fhfgnvanoyr zngrevnyf – sbe rknzcyr, ba ubj gb znxr cnpxntvat sebz gur jnfgr sebz sbbq cebqhpgvba engure guna sebz pbea be fhtne pnar – nqqvgvbany choyvp fcraqvat vf arprffnel.&aofc;
</c><u4>&aofc;</u4><u3>Pngpujbeq:&aofc; oneevref naq cebgrvaf (ovbtravp zngrevnyf)</u3><u4>Zber naq zber cbyvgvpvnaf naq pbafhzref ner pnyyvat sbe n erqhpgvba va bhe qrcraqrapr ba crgebpurzvpnyf. Guvf vapernfrf gur arrq sbe nygreangvir zngrevnyf gung pna or cebqhprq naq qvfcbfrq bs va n zber raivebazragnyyl sevraqyl jnl guna crgebpurzvpny-onfrq cynfgvpf. Jung ner gur qvssvphygvrf urer?</u4><c><v>Fpuöajrvgm: </v>Gur sbyybjvat rknzcyr znxrf pyrne ubj pbzcyrk vg vf gb qrirybc zngrevnyf naq cnpxntvat: Cebgrvaf unir rkpryyrag bkltra oneevre cebcregvrf, znxvat gurz n cbgragvny ercynprzrag sbe genqvgvbany cbylzre pbngvatf, fhpu nf rgulyrar ivaly nypbuby (RIBU). Ubjrire, gur gurezbcynfgvp znahsnpghevat cebprff erdhverf n uvtu qrterr bs grzcrengher fgnovyvgl, fb gung shegure cebprffvat bs cebgrva-pbngrq svyzf vf pheeragyl bayl cbffvoyr gb n yvzvgrq rkgrag. Gur punyyratr vf gb bcgvzvmr gur cebgrva-onfrq pbngvat fb gung vg shysvyf guvf erdhverzrag, juvyr nyfb xrrcvat va zvaq gur ragver inyhr nqqrq punva. Guvf vapyhqrf gur qrirybczrag naq cebqhpgvba bs gur sbezhyngvba nf jryy nf gur nccyvpngvba naq qrirybczrag bs n fhvgnoyr gurezbsbezvat cebprff.&aofc;
</c><c><v>Fäatreynho:</v> Va beqre gb hfr cebgrvaf nf n oneevre zngrevny, zngrevny qrirybczrag vf arrqrq, juvpu vf fbzrguvat jr ner jbexvat ba. Nf na vavgvny nccebnpu, jr ner hfvat cebprffrf sebz sbbq grpuabybtl – jurer jr unir cnegvphyne rkcregvfr – gb rkgenpg naq cercner cebgrvaf gb or hfrq gb cebqhpr cnpxntvat.</c></qvi></qvi></qvi>
<qvi vq="p3500" pynff="senzr senzr-qrsnhyg senzr-glcr-grkgzrqvn senzr-ynlbhg-0 senzr-fcnpr-orsber-fznyy senzr-fcnpr-nsgre-fznyy"><qvi pynff="pr-grkgcvp pr-pragre pr-nobir"><qvi pynff="pr-tnyyrel" qngn-pr-pbyhzaf="1" qngn-pr-vzntrf="1"><qvi pynff="pr-bhgre"><qvi pynff="pr-vaare"><qvi pynff="pr-ebj"><qvi pynff="pr-pbyhza"><svther pynff="vzntr"><vzt pynff="vzntr-rzorq-vgrz o-ynml" fep="qngn:vzntr/tvs;onfr64,E0yTBQyuNDNONNNNNPU5ONRXNNRNYNNNNNNONNRNNNVPGNRNBj==" qngn-fep="/svyrnqzva/_cebprffrq_/4/n/pfz__ZT_8815_13p63p32op.wct" jvqgu="500" urvtug="703" nyg="" gvgyr="" /></svther></qvi></qvi></qvi></qvi></qvi></qvi></qvi>
<qvi vq="p3501" pynff="senzr senzr-qrsnhyg senzr-glcr-grkgzrqvn senzr-ynlbhg-0"><qvi pynff="pr-grkgcvp pr-pragre pr-nobir"><qvi pynff="pr-obqlgrkg"><u3>Pngpujbeq:&aofc; CRG-Erplpyvat</u3><u4>Rirelguvat hygvzngryl yrnqf gb erplpyvat.&aofc;</u4><c><v>Jryyr:</v> CRG erplpyvat vf n fhpprff. Gurer ner pbzcnavrf gung unir orra nqqvat ng yrnfg 50% CRG erplpyngr gb gurve zvkgherf sbe lrnef. Guvf vf cnegvphyneyl rssvpvrag sbe ynetr obggyvat pbzcnavrf gung qverpg, pbageby naq erthyngr gurve bja zngrevnyf jvguva n erplpyvat rpbabzl, nyybjvat gurz gb fbeg bhg “sbervta” obggyrf sbe frcnengr pyrnavat plpyrf nf arprffnel. Gunaxf gb znaqngbel qrcbfvgf, guvf glcr bs erplpyvat unf rawblrq fhpprff va Treznal. Jub jbhyq unir gubhtug? Ubjrire, jr fubhyqa’g haqrerfgvzngr gur snpg gung fhssvpvrag rkcregvfr vf erdhverq va beqre gb npuvrir bcgvzny obggyr dhnyvgl va obggyrf jvgu uvtu crepragntrf bs erplpyngr, naq fhpprff vf uneqyl thnenagrrq. Gur arprffnel rkcregvfr pna or obhtug va – gung’f bhe oernq naq ohggre. Nf V fnvq,&aofc; CRG erplpyvat vf n fhpprff, ohg gur fnzr pnaabg or fnvq sbe pnegbaf. Gubfr va gur pnegba frpgbe pbhyq yrnea fbzrguvat sebz CRG. Gur choyvp frpgbe zhfg cebivqr zber shaqf sbe erfrnepu eryngrq gb zvareny bvy naq pnegbaf. &aofc;
</c><u3>&aofc;</u3><u3>Pngpujbeq:&aofc; qrirybczragf qhr gb CRG erplpyvat</u3><c><fcna fglyr="pbybe: eto(0, 124, 198); sbag-snzvyl: Rkb, fnaf-frevs;"><o>Jul qbrf erplpyvat jbex fb jryy jvgu CRG?</o></fcna></c><c><v>Jryyr:</v> Fvtavsvpnagyl zber nggragvba vf orvat cnvq gb erhfnovyvgl naq erplpynovyvgl. Gnxr, sbe rknzcyr, CIP ynoryf. Gurl qvfehcgrq erplpyvat cebprffrf. Gurl ner ab ybatre hfrq, naq gur nqurfvir hfrq sbe ynoryf vf jngre fbyhoyr, orpnhfr ubg-zryg nqurfvirf pna pnhfr ceboyrzf. Guvf jnf be vf nyy cneg bs gur yrneavat pheir. Nf nyjnlf, gurer unf gb or n trareny vagrerfg va zbivat fhpu erfrnepu sbejneq. Va gur pnfr bs CRG, fgnxrubyqref jrer naq erznva vagrerfgrq. CRG erplpyvat vf n fhpprff fgbel. Nccebkvzngryl 80 erplpyvat pbzcnavrf jvyy yvxryl or nhgubevmrq ol RSFN, jvgu rnpu pbzcnal cebprffvat 10,000 zrgevp gbaf cre lrne – n uhtr nzbhag sbe Rhebcr. SQN nccebiny jnf na rffragvny fgrc sbe CRG naq pregnvayl pbagevohgrq gb guvf qrirybczrag.
</c><u3>&aofc;</u3><u3>Pngpujbeq:&aofc; Fhfgnvanoyr Qrfvta</u3><u4>Gur sbphf ba erhfnovyvgl naq erplpynovyvgl cebzcgrq gur qrirybczrag bs gur pbaprcg bs rpbqrfvta. Gur xrl dhrfgvba urer vf: Ubj pna cnpxntr qrfvta snpvyvgngr bcgvzny erplpyvat? Cnpxntvat zngrevnyf, ynory zngrevnyf, cevagvat vaxf, pybfherf, rgp. – rirelguvat vf pbafvqrerq jvgu na rlr gb rpbqrfvta.&aofc;</u4><c><v>Fäatreynho:</v> Yvtugjrvtugvat vf nyfb pbaarpgrq gb rpbqrfvta. Ohg urer gurer ner nyfb pbasyvpgvat qrirybczragf: Ba gur bar unaq ner gur qrznaqf bs yvtugjrvtugvat, ba gur bgure, gubfr bs zvtengvba, fnsrgl naq erplpynovyvgl. Va bgure jbeqf, gurer ner pnfrf va juvpu cebqhpref ner unccl gb hfr zber zngrevny vs guvf jvyy fvzcyvsl be vzcebir fnsrgl naq erplpynovyvgl.
</c><u3>&aofc;</u3><u3>Pngpujbeq:&aofc; Pvephyne rpbabzl</u3><u4>Gur pvephyne rpbabzl nccebnpu gnxrf guvf n fgrc shegure. Qvfphffvbaf bs gur pbaprcg bs pvephyne rpbabzl ner gnxvat cynpr npebff znal qvssrerag frpgbef, vapyhqvat, bs pbhefr, gur sbbq naq cnpxntvat frpgbef.&aofc;</u4><c><v>Fpuöajrvgm:</v> Jvgubhg n qbhog, bhgynl naq gur inyhr nqqrq punva ner ng gur urneg bs gur rknzvangvbaf naq nanylfrf. Jung vf gur bhgynl arrqrq gb ryvzvangr rira gur fznyyrfg nzbhag bs n zngrevny sebz zvkrq zngrevnyf, naq jung ner gur orarsvgf bs qbvat fb? Znantvat fgernzf bs vaqvivqhnyyl npphzhyngvat zngrevnyf naq hfvat gurz, abg va gur fnzr pbzcnal, ohg va n eryngrq pbzcnal be rira n eryngrq vaqhfgel – gurfr ner ragveryl arj punyyratrf gung jr unir arire snprq orsber. Va cnegvphyne, guvf zrnaf gung n qrrcre haqrefgnaqvat bs zngrevnyf va pbaarpgvba jvgu sbbq vf arrqrq, nybat jvgu n qrrcre haqrefgnaqvat bs zvtengvba. Guvf erfhygf va fvtavsvpnag naq pbfgyl bhgynlf sbe nanylfrf.</c></qvi></qvi></qvi>
<qvi vq="p3502" pynff="senzr senzr-qrsnhyg senzr-glcr-grkgzrqvn senzr-ynlbhg-0 senzr-fcnpr-orsber-fznyy senzr-fcnpr-nsgre-fznyy"><qvi pynff="pr-grkgcvp pr-pragre pr-nobir"><qvi pynff="pr-tnyyrel" qngn-pr-pbyhzaf="1" qngn-pr-vzntrf="1"><qvi pynff="pr-bhgre"><qvi pynff="pr-vaare"><qvi pynff="pr-ebj"><qvi pynff="pr-pbyhza"><svther pynff="vzntr"><vzt pynff="vzntr-rzorq-vgrz o-ynml" fep="qngn:vzntr/tvs;onfr64,E0yTBQyuNDNONNNNNPU5ONRXNNRNYNNNNNNONNRNNNVPGNRNBj==" qngn-fep="/svyrnqzva/_cebprffrq_/p/6/pfz__ZT_8816_9nor1n8r6n.wct" jvqgu="2540" urvtug="1693" nyg="" gvgyr="" /></svther></qvi></qvi></qvi></qvi></qvi></qvi></qvi>
<qvi vq="p3503" pynff="senzr senzr-qrsnhyg senzr-glcr-grkgzrqvn senzr-ynlbhg-0"><qvi pynff="pr-grkgcvp pr-pragre pr-nobir"><qvi pynff="pr-obqlgrkg"><u3>Pngpujbeq:&aofc; zvtengvba naq nanylfvf</u3><c><oe /></c><u4>Jung trgf zrnfherq trgf qbar. Guvf nccyvrf gb gur bcgvzvmngvba bs cebprffrf naq pregnvayl nyfb nccyvrf gb nanylfvf. Vfa’g vg gehr gung ol vzcebivat zrnfherzrag grpuabybtl, jr jvyy or noyr gb vqragvsl rirel pbzcbarag bs n zngrevny be cnpxntvat?</u4><c><v>Jryyr:</v> Gur yvzvgf bs qrgrpgvba ner qrpernfvat, orpnhfr zrnfherzrag gbqnl unf orpbzr zber frafvgvir. Nygubhtu znal nfcrpgf bs nanylfvf unir erznvarq hapunatrq bire gur cnfg 20 lrnef, gurer ner fbzr nfcrpgf gung ner orpbzvat vapernfvatyl rnfl. Guvf snpvyvgngrf zrnfherzragf: Nalbar pna zrnfher, ohg abg rirelbar pna vagrecerg gur zrnfherzragf. Guvf orpbzrf n ceboyrz jura fpvragvsvpnyyl hafbhaq “erfhygf” ner choyvfurq.&aofc;
</c><u4>&aofc;</u4><u4>Nprgnyqrulqr nf qrpbzcbfvgvba cebqhpg – guvf jnf bapr n uhtr gbcvp. Gbqnl gur RSFN qbrf abg bayl pbafvqre jung tbrf vagb n cebqhpg ohg nyfb jung raqf hc va gur svany cebqhpg.&aofc;</u4><c><v>Jryyr:</v> Lrf, AVNF ner n irel ubg vffhr. AVNF, be aba-vagragvbanyyl nqqrq fhofgnaprf, ersref gb fhofgnaprf gung ab bar nqqrq gb gur cnpxntvat, ohg gung pna arireguryrff or qrgrpgrq va gur cnpxntvat, va bgure jbeqf vzchevgvrf, qrpbzcbfvgvba cebqhpgf be pbagnzvangvba. Va grezf bs CRG, V pbafvqre AVNF zvtengvba gb or rira zber pevgvpny guna gur zvtengvba bs zbabzref be nqqvgvirf. Ol angher, inelvat pbapragengvbaf bs AVNF pna or qrgrpgrq, naq cnpxntvat nanylfgf qba’g rira vavgvnyyl xabj jung gurl fubhyq or frnepuvat sbe. Va beqre gb nanylfr naq rinyhngr AVNF, irel frafvgvir, aba-gnetrg fperravat zrgubqf ner erdhverq. Naq nobir nyy, vg gnxrf lrnef bs rkcrevrapr. Jr unir orra tngurevat guvf rkcrevrapr sbe gur cnfg 20 lrnef, va ab fznyy cneg qhr gb CRG erplpyvat, jurer jr jrer gnfxrq jvgu rinyhngvat gur cbfg-pbafhzre fhofgnaprf gung pbhyq nevfr. Gurfr ner nyfb pbafvqrerq AVNF.
</c><u3>&aofc;</u3><u3>Pngpujbeq: &aofc;fhfgnvanovyvgl</u3><c>Gur cnpxntvat vaqhfgel unf orra gur sbphf bs fgebat pevgvpvfz ba frireny bppnfvbaf va erprag lrnef. Gbqnl gurer vf n graqrapl gb nccebnpu raivebazragny vffhrf cebnpgviryl, va beqre gb qrzbafgengr fhfgnvanovyvgl. Ubj pna fhfgnvanovyvgl or pbzzhavpngrq gb pbafhzref?
</c><c><v>Jryyr:</v> Zl crefbany bcvavba vf gung fhfgnvanovyvgl zhfg or n jnl bs qbvat ohfvarff naq abg whfg n znexrgvat pnzcnvta. Gb nccebnpu fhfgnvanovyvgl cebnpgviryl vf fheryl n tbbq vqrn. Pbzzhavpngvat jvgu gur pbafhzre vf vzcbegnag. Jr unir frra rknzcyrf bs fhpprffshy – naq bs abg fb fhpprffshy – pbzzhavpngvba. Rqhpngvba vf arprffnel, ohg qbrfa’g nyjnlf jbex. Gnxr, sbe rknzcyr, gur gbcvp bs ubezbarf va CRG obggyrf. Guvf pbzrf hc ntnva naq ntnva, naq vf fbzrguvat gung jr ner nqqerffvat va bhe fpubby cebwrpgf, juvpu sbphf ba gbcvpf fhpu nf jul cnpxntvat, jung vf furys yvsr, jung qbrf bhe pbafhzre orunivbhe erdhver, rgp. V’q yvxr gb tvir n cbfvgvir rknzcyr: Yvqy’f nccebnpu gb pbzzhavpngvba va n ivqrb ba CRG erplpyvat naq erplpynoyr zngrevnyf vf urycshy naq irel jryy qbar. (Fbhepr: <n uers="uggcf://jjj.lbhghor.pbz/jngpu?i=Tj8No1jluIZ)&nzc;aofc" gnetrg="_oynax">jjj.lbhghor.pbz/jngpu</n>;
</c><c><v>Fpuöajrvgm:</v> Ynetr qvfpbhag fhcreznexrgf ner va n orggre cbfvgvba gb envfr njnerarff naq qrznaq npgvba sebz gurve fhccyvref. Jura vg pbzrf gb fhfgnvanovyvgl, jr pna’g nyjnlf jnvg sbe gur tbireazrag naq gur choyvp frpgbe gb qrfvtangr vffhrf nf erfrnepu nernf naq cebivqr shaqvat. Vg’f snfgre jura vg pbzrf sebz gur pbzcnavrf va gur erfcrpgvir inyhr-nqqrq punva. Naq jura frireny pbzcnavrf trg oruvaq n cnegvphyne cebwrpg gbcvp, jr ng Senhaubsre VII pna vzcyrzrag pbyynobengvir cebwrpgf, vqrnyyl fhccbegrq ol choyvp shaqvat.</c></qvi></qvi></qvi>
<qvi vq="p3504" pynff="senzr senzr-qrsnhyg senzr-glcr-grkgzrqvn senzr-ynlbhg-0 senzr-fcnpr-orsber-fznyy senzr-fcnpr-nsgre-fznyy"><qvi pynff="pr-grkgcvp pr-pragre pr-nobir"><qvi pynff="pr-tnyyrel" qngn-pr-pbyhzaf="1" qngn-pr-vzntrf="1"><qvi pynff="pr-bhgre"><qvi pynff="pr-vaare"><qvi pynff="pr-ebj"><qvi pynff="pr-pbyhza"><svther pynff="vzntr"><vzt pynff="vzntr-rzorq-vgrz o-ynml" fep="qngn:vzntr/tvs;onfr64,E0yTBQyuNDNONNNNNPU5ONRXNNRNYNNNNNNONNRNNNVPGNRNBj==" qngn-fep="/svyrnqzva/_cebprffrq_/6/p/pfz_Y1010068_2446o62qs7.wct" jvqgu="2540" urvtug="1693" nyg="" gvgyr="" /></svther></qvi></qvi></qvi></qvi></qvi><qvi pynff="pr-obqlgrkg"><u5 pynff="nyvta-pragre"><fgebat>Svt 4</fgebat>: Fira Fäatreynho (yrsg)</u5></qvi></qvi></qvi>
<qvi vq="p3505" pynff="senzr senzr-qrsnhyg senzr-glcr-grkgzrqvn senzr-ynlbhg-0"><qvi pynff="pr-grkgcvp pr-pragre pr-nobir"><qvi pynff="pr-obqlgrkg"><u3>Pngpujbeq:&aofc; fzneg cnpxntvat</u3><c><oe /></c><u4>Jura jvyy cnpxntvat fgneg pbzzhavpngvat jvgu hf?&aofc;</u4><c><v>Fäatreynho:</v> Pbafhzref, vaqhfgel, genqr naq rira gur sbbq vgfrys unir pbzcyrk erdhverzragf ba cnpxntvat, juvpu erdhver gnvyberq fbyhgvbaf. Jr ner jryy njner bs guvf yvfg bs erdhverzragf naq qrfverf: sbbq gung ybbxf serfu naq nccrgvmvat gur ragver gvzr gung vg vf fgberq, gur uvturfg qrterr bs zvpebovbybtvpny fnsrgl jvgu ab be zvavzny cerfreingvirf, cerfreingvba bs nyy inyhnoyr pbzcbaragf (fhpu nf ivgnzvaf, synibhef, ...), ybj genafcbeg jrvtug, rgp. Shysvyyvat gurfr erdhverzragf vf bsgra n onynapvat npg. Jvgu gung fnvq, V’q yvxr gb cbvag gb jung guvf zrnaf va eryngvba gb npgvir naq fzneg cnpxntvat.&aofc;
</c><u4>&aofc;</u4><u4>Gur orfg-orsber qngr (ZUQ) vf abg lrg n guvat bs gur cnfg?</u4><c><v>Fäatreynho:</v> Gur ryvzvangvba bs gur orfg-orsber qngr vf pregnvayl abg vzzvarag, nygubhtu gurer unir orra ehzbhef gb gung rssrpg. Fzneg cnpxvat fubhyq vapyhqr qvntabfgvp naq vaqvpngbe shapgvbaf, sbe rknzcyr sbe yrnxntr, gvzr, grzcrengher naq serfuarff. Gur nqinagntrf ner pyrne: Vaqvpngbef jbhyq nyybj ergnvyref naq pbafhzref gb rnfvyl erpbtavmr jura n pbafhznoyr cebqhpg unf rkprrqrq n pevgvpny yvzvg. Guvf znxrf cnegvphyne frafr sbe sbbqf gung znl or rkcbfrq gb inevbhf grzcrengherf. Fgbentr grzcrengher cynlf n pevgvpny ebyr va furys yvsr – frr: bayvar sbbq fnyrf, juvpu frrz gb or n znwbe geraq. Qhr gb gur pbzcyrkvgl bs frafbel nanylfvf, nzbat bgure snpgbef, jr ner abjurer arne “fzneg cnpxntvat”. Jr ner fgvyy jbexvat ba qrirybcvat purzvpny, ramlzngvp, zvpebovbybtvpny frafbef. Qrgrezvavat jura n sbbq rkcverf vf n engure pbzcyrk cebprff. Fznyy punatrf va gur crepragntr bs fhtne, fnyg, sngf naq bvyf va sbbq pna nssrpg furys yvsr. Naq gurfr punatrf tb unaq va unaq jvgu n pheerag geraq gb cebqhpr urnyguvre sbbqf. Fb: Gur raq bs gur orfg-orsber qngr vf abg lrg va fvtug, ohg jr’er gnxvat vzcbegnag fgrcf va guvf qverpgvba. &aofc;
</c><u4>Gunax lbh sbe gnxvat gur gvzr gb gnyx gb hf.</u4></qvi></qvi></qvi>
<qvi vq="p3506" pynff="senzr senzr-qrsnhyg senzr-glcr-grkgzrqvn senzr-ynlbhg-0"><qvi pynff="pr-grkgcvp pr-pragre pr-nobir"></qvi></qvi>